{"id":34,"date":"2026-05-14T13:31:09","date_gmt":"2026-05-14T05:31:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/?page_id=34"},"modified":"2026-06-24T23:04:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T15:04:42","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-bid=\"block_7c8e0151d5541f3615c435de4d5e43da\"\n    class=\"block-headline alignfalse variant-primary has-bottom-border\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n        <div class=\"row align-items-end headline-content\">\n            <div class=\"col-12 col-lg-7\">\n                <nav class=\"headline-breadcrumb\">\n        <ol>\n                            <li class=\"is-previous\">\n                    <a\n    href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Home\" data-color=\"custom\" class=\"component-link type-single-line-tiny\">Home<\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                            <li class=\"is-current\">\n                    <a\n    href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Research\" data-color=\"custom\" class=\"component-link type-single-line-tiny\">Research<\/a>\n                <\/li>\n                    <\/ol>\n    <\/nav>\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"type-h1\">Research<\/h1>\n                \n                                    <div class=\"component-rich-content\">\n    <p>Explore. Discover. Apply. Research that bridges academia and the classroom.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                \n                            <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div data-bid=\"block_af9746a2e169600cff998350956b79c9\" class=\"block-featured-research alignfalse common-listing\"\n        data-tags=\"computer-supported-collaborative-learning-cscl,digital-citizenship-and-digital-literacy\">\n        <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"header\">\n                <div class=\"intro\">\n                                            <h2 class=\"type-h3\">Featured researches<\/h2>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"listing-filter-dropdown\" data-param=\"topic_ids\">\n        <button class=\"listing-filter-dropdown__trigger\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n            <span>Theme<\/span>\n            <span class=\"listing-filter-dropdown__count\" hidden><\/span>\n            <span class=\"listing-filter-dropdown__chevron\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg\n  fill=\"none\"\n  height=\"16\"\n  viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\"\n  width=\"16\"\n  xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n>\n  <path\n    d=\"m7.99998 3.33334v9.33336m-4.66667-4.66669 4.66667 4.66669 4.66662-4.66669\"\n    stroke=\"#003961\"\n    stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n    stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n    stroke-width=\"1.6\"\n  \/>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n        <\/button>\n        <div class=\"listing-filter-dropdown__panel\" hidden>\n                                            <label class=\"listing-filter-dropdown__option\">\n                    <input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"94\" data-label=\"Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL)\">\n                    <span>Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL)<\/span>\n                <\/label>\n                                            <label class=\"listing-filter-dropdown__option\">\n                    <input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"101\" data-label=\"Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy\">\n                    <span>Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy<\/span>\n                <\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"insights\">\n                                    <div\n    class=\"component-research-card-item listing-card listing-card--research insight-item\" data-tags=\"computer-supported-collaborative-learning-cscl\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/the-role-of-generative-ai-in-collaborative-problem-solving-of-authentic-challenges\/\" class=\"listing-card__link\"\n        >\n        <div class=\"listing-card__content\">\n            <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">29 Aug 2025<\/span>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"info\">\n                    <p class=\"title\">The Role of Generative AI in Collaborative Problem Solving of Authentic Challenges.<\/p>\n                                            <p class=\"description\">This study investigates undergraduate and postgraduate teamwork in a four-week \u2018Generative AI for Social Good\u2019 hackathon, focusing on how students use GAI tools in authentic problem-solving within their learning ecology. It examines the factors that foster productive collaboration and explores evidence of AI extending human cognition beyond mere tool use. Data sources included pre- and post-surveys, interim reports, submitted artefacts and team workspace logs. Generative AI (GAI) use accounted for nearly half of the demonstrated digital competence instances\u2014particularly in content creation and problem-solving\u2014highlighting its role in facilitating collaborative, inquiry-driven learning. Findings reveal that success depended not on computational expertise, but on shared values, diverse skill sets, effective team structures and clear communication. GAI&#039;s role evolved with teams&#039; technical backgrounds, dynamically supporting collaborative knowledge building and moving beyond instrumental use to actively shape emerging knowledge building. These insights offer valuable implications for the pedagogical design of learning with and through GAI.<\/p>\n                                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                            <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Jack Tsao\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Leon Lei\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Ming Ma\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Nan Wang\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Shuhui Feng\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Xiao Hu\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Zhichun Liu\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"listing-card__cta\">\n                                    <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                                    <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Published journal paper<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                                    <div\n    class=\"component-research-card-item listing-card listing-card--research insight-item\" data-tags=\"digital-citizenship-and-digital-literacy\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/measuring-digital-literacy-across-ages-and-over-time-development-and-validation-of-a-performance-based-assessment\/\" class=\"listing-card__link\"\n        >\n        <div class=\"listing-card__content\">\n            <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">12 Jun 2025<\/span>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"info\">\n                    <p class=\"title\">Measuring digital literacy across ages and over time: Development and validation of a performance-based assessment.<\/p>\n                                            <p class=\"description\">Measuring digital literacy (DL) across ages and tracking its growth over time have remained challenging in the area of digital literacy assessment. The current analysis reports on the psychometric properties of a performance-based Digital Literacy Assessment (DLA) instrument grounded in the DigComp 2.1 framework. Utilising a longitudinal cohort study design, the DLA was administered to Hong Kong students across three age cohorts, from lower primary to upper secondary, over a two-year period. Data were collected in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, and in 2021, during the pandemic. The analysis provides validity and reliability evidence for using the DLA in longitudinal studies to assess DL from late childhood through late adolescence. The results further suggest that students\u2019 DL improved with grade level, with secondary students outperforming primary students but also displaying greater variability in scores. Over the two years, students generally demonstrated improvement in DL while inter-individual differences in DL growth rates widened. These findings indicate the widening of digital divides and highlight the need to investigate factors that contribute to diversity in DL development. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for the robustness of the DLA as an instrument to assess DL growth across ages and over time. Further, the DLA allowed us to uncover the substantial overlap in DL ability across different age groups and the widening second-level digital divide as children move into higher grades, and that the digital divide aggravated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications and challenges to the learning and assessment of DL are discussed.<\/p>\n                                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                            <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Frank Reichert\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Jimmy de la Torre\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Qianqian Pan\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Qianru Liang\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"listing-card__cta\">\n                                    <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                                    <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Published journal paper<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                                    <div\n    class=\"component-research-card-item listing-card listing-card--research insight-item\" data-tags=\"\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/reorienting-the-assessment-of-digital-literacy-in-the-twenty-first-century-a-product-lifecycle-and-experience-dependence-perspective\/\" class=\"listing-card__link\"\n        >\n        <div class=\"listing-card__content\">\n            <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">11 Aug 2023<\/span>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"info\">\n                    <p class=\"title\">Reorienting the assessment of digital literacy in the twenty-first century: a product-lifecycle and experience dependence perspective<\/p>\n                                            <p class=\"description\">This article examines a critical issue in digital literacy assessment design when technological changes are happening with escalating speed in our society. There have been many assessment studies of digital literacy (DL) for diverse purposes and across different geographic and socioeconomic (geo-socioeconomic) contexts. While the assessment framework, instrument design, and technology platforms used for conducting these assessments differ, what remains common is the lack of explicit discussion about the possible role of the technology used and item design in affecting the measure DL. There is an apparent, implicit assumption that DL assessment is similar to the assessment of other academic achievements such as reading literacy and numeracy, which should ideally be measured independent of the specific technologies or task contexts adopted in the assessment. Recent evidence from a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) commissioned study on a Digital Literacy Global Framework (DLGF) shows that the DL needed to accomplish the same task is heavily dependent on the devices and tools used under different the geo-socioeconomic contexts (Law et al. in A global framework of reference on digital literacy skills for indicator 4.4.2, 2018). Drawing on the DLGF findings and a critical examination of the assessment designs in large-scale international assessment tests, this paper puts forward a product-lifecycle and experience dependence (PLED) perspective to guide the design and interpretation of DL assessment.<\/p>\n                                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                            <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Frank Reichert\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Gary Ka Wai Wong\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                                                <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                    Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                                <\/span>\n                                                                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"listing-card__cta\">\n                                    <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                                    <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Published journal paper<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n<div data-bid=\"block_97169f3a6b10d69020b5e4c19d0a2dfb\" class=\"block-invitation alignfalse\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n                    <div class=\"row\">\n                <div class=\"col-12 col-md-10 col-lg-7\">\n                                            <h2 class=\"type-h3\">Invitation for collaboration and paper submissions<\/h2>\n                                                                <div class=\"component-rich-content description type-small\">\n    <p>We invite you to collaborate and submit papers that connect academic research with practical classroom applications.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                            <div class=\"invitations d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                    <div class=\"item d-flex flex-column justify-content-between\">\n                        <div class=\"section d-flex\">\n                                                            <div class=\"icon d-flex\">\n                                    <picture\n        data-image-id=\"1287\" 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item-description\">\n    <p>Our website offers a prestigious platform for topics that matter to the the digital education community. Papers featured here are prominently showcased on our page, ensuring your work stands out.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"item d-flex flex-column justify-content-between\">\n                        <div class=\"section d-flex\">\n                                                            <div class=\"icon d-flex\">\n                                    <picture\n        data-image-id=\"1290\" class=\"component-responsive-image\">\n                                    <source media=\"\" srcset=\"\"\n                    type=\"image\/png\" \/>\n                            <img width=\"136\" height=\"136\" src=\"https:\/\/digeduwkprodstor.blob.core.windows.net\/uploads\/2026\/06\/collab.png\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\n    <\/picture>\n                                <\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"content\">\n                                                                    <h3 class=\"type-h5 text-brand-ori-800\">Calls for collaborations<\/h3>\n                                                                                                    <p class=\"tagline\">Explore ongoing and upcoming studies \u2014 and find your opportunity to get involved.<\/p>\n                                                                                                    <div class=\"component-rich-content item-description\">\n    <p style=\"padding-top: 0.5rem;\">We may invite you to:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: -0.2rem;\">\n<li>Participate in user surveys (that is, questionnaires).<\/li>\n<li>Share your experience with us through in-depth user interviews.<\/li>\n<li>Help test out prototypes in user tests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n                                            <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div data-bid=\"block_617be178e0c5b89fc661d3ff0053b91c\" class=\"block-research-listing alignfalse common-listing\"\n    data-listing-api=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/wp-json\/api3rices\/research\" data-listing-page-size=\"9\"\n    data-listing-page-count=\"1\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n                    <div class=\"row mb-5\">\n                <div class=\"col-12 col-lg-7 text-black\">\n                                            <h2 class=\"mb-0\">All other researches<\/h2>\n                                                                <div class=\"component-rich-content description\">\n    <p>Explore. Discover. Apply. Research that bridges academia and the classroom.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                \n        <div class=\"listing-filter-controls\">\n\n            \n            <button class=\"listing-filter-toggle d-lg-none\" aria-expanded=\"false\"\n                aria-controls=\"research-filter-dropdowns\">\n                <span>Filters<\/span>\n                <span class=\"listing-filter-toggle__icon-filter\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg\n  width=\"16\"\n  height=\"16\"\n  viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\"\n  fill=\"none\"\n  xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n>\n  <path\n    d=\"M5.99984 3.33333C5.82303 3.33333 5.65346 3.40357 5.52843 3.5286C5.40341 3.65362 5.33317 3.82319 5.33317 4C5.33317 4.17681 5.40341 4.34638 5.52843 4.47141C5.65346 4.59643 5.82303 4.66667 5.99984 4.66667C6.17665 4.66667 6.34622 4.59643 6.47124 4.47141C6.59627 4.34638 6.6665 4.17681 6.6665 4C6.6665 3.82319 6.59627 3.65362 6.47124 3.5286C6.34622 3.40357 6.17665 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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M4 6L8 10L12 6\" stroke=\"#003961\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                    <div class=\"listing-filter-sort__panel\" hidden>\n                        <label class=\"listing-filter-dropdown__option\">\n                            <input type=\"radio\" name=\"sort\" value=\"date\" checked>\n                            <span>Latest<\/span>\n                        <\/label>\n                        <label class=\"listing-filter-dropdown__option\">\n                            <input type=\"radio\" name=\"sort\" value=\"slug\">\n                            <span>A\u2013Z<\/span>\n                        <\/label>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <hr class=\"listing-divider\">\n\n        \n        <div class=\"listing-selected-filters\">\n            <span\n                class=\"listing-selected-filters__label\">Selected filters:<\/span>\n            <div class=\"listing-filter-chips\" data-listing-chips aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <p class=\"listing-results-count type-single-line-small\" data-listing-count>\n            Showing results <strong>1\u20139<\/strong> of <strong>9<\/strong>\n        <\/p>\n\n        \n        <div class=\"row\" data-listing-items>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/the-role-of-generative-ai-in-collaborative-problem-solving-of-authentic-challenges\/\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">29 Aug 2025<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">The Role of Generative AI in Collaborative Problem Solving of Authentic Challenges.<\/p>\n                                    <p class=\"description type-small text-black\">This study investigates undergraduate and postgraduate teamwork in a four-week \u2018Generative AI for Social Good\u2019 hackathon, focusing on how students use GAI tools in authentic problem-solving within their learning ecology. It examines the factors that foster productive collaboration and explores evidence of AI extending human cognition beyond mere tool use. Data sources included pre- and post-surveys, interim reports, submitted artefacts and team workspace logs. Generative AI (GAI) use accounted for nearly half of the demonstrated digital competence instances\u2014particularly in content creation and problem-solving\u2014highlighting its role in facilitating collaborative, inquiry-driven learning. Findings reveal that success depended not on computational expertise, but on shared values, diverse skill sets, effective team structures and clear communication. GAI&#039;s role evolved with teams&#039; technical backgrounds, dynamically supporting collaborative knowledge building and moving beyond instrumental use to actively shape emerging knowledge building. These insights offer valuable implications for the pedagogical design of learning with and through GAI.<\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Jack Tsao\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Leon Lei\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Ming Ma\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nan Wang\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Shuhui Feng\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Xiao Hu\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Zhichun Liu\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"bottom d-flex justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                            <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Published journal paper<\/span>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon d-lg-none\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/measuring-digital-literacy-across-ages-and-over-time-development-and-validation-of-a-performance-based-assessment\/\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">12 Jun 2025<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">Measuring digital literacy across ages and over time: Development and validation of a performance-based assessment.<\/p>\n                                    <p class=\"description type-small text-black\">Measuring digital literacy (DL) across ages and tracking its growth over time have remained challenging in the area of digital literacy assessment. The current analysis reports on the psychometric properties of a performance-based Digital Literacy Assessment (DLA) instrument grounded in the DigComp 2.1 framework. Utilising a longitudinal cohort study design, the DLA was administered to Hong Kong students across three age cohorts, from lower primary to upper secondary, over a two-year period. Data were collected in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, and in 2021, during the pandemic. The analysis provides validity and reliability evidence for using the DLA in longitudinal studies to assess DL from late childhood through late adolescence. The results further suggest that students\u2019 DL improved with grade level, with secondary students outperforming primary students but also displaying greater variability in scores. Over the two years, students generally demonstrated improvement in DL while inter-individual differences in DL growth rates widened. These findings indicate the widening of digital divides and highlight the need to investigate factors that contribute to diversity in DL development. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for the robustness of the DLA as an instrument to assess DL growth across ages and over time. Further, the DLA allowed us to uncover the substantial overlap in DL ability across different age groups and the widening second-level digital divide as children move into higher grades, and that the digital divide aggravated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications and challenges to the learning and assessment of DL are discussed.<\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Frank Reichert\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Jimmy de la Torre\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianqian Pan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianru Liang\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"bottom d-flex justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                            <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Published journal paper<\/span>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon d-lg-none\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/reorienting-the-assessment-of-digital-literacy-in-the-twenty-first-century-a-product-lifecycle-and-experience-dependence-perspective\/\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">11 Aug 2023<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">Reorienting the assessment of digital literacy in the twenty-first century: a product-lifecycle and experience dependence perspective<\/p>\n                                    <p class=\"description type-small text-black\">This article examines a critical issue in digital literacy assessment design when technological changes are happening with escalating speed in our society. There have been many assessment studies of digital literacy (DL) for diverse purposes and across different geographic and socioeconomic (geo-socioeconomic) contexts. While the assessment framework, instrument design, and technology platforms used for conducting these assessments differ, what remains common is the lack of explicit discussion about the possible role of the technology used and item design in affecting the measure DL. There is an apparent, implicit assumption that DL assessment is similar to the assessment of other academic achievements such as reading literacy and numeracy, which should ideally be measured independent of the specific technologies or task contexts adopted in the assessment. Recent evidence from a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) commissioned study on a Digital Literacy Global Framework (DLGF) shows that the DL needed to accomplish the same task is heavily dependent on the devices and tools used under different the geo-socioeconomic contexts (Law et al. in A global framework of reference on digital literacy skills for indicator 4.4.2, 2018). Drawing on the DLGF findings and a critical examination of the assessment designs in large-scale international assessment tests, this paper puts forward a product-lifecycle and experience dependence (PLED) perspective to guide the design and interpretation of DL assessment.<\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Frank Reichert\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Gary Ka Wai Wong\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"bottom d-flex justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                            <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Published journal paper<\/span>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon d-lg-none\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/ecitizen-education-360-2022-project-bulletin-2-new-insights-on-key-factors-impacting-students-wellbeing-and-schools-online-teaching-and-calls-for-collaboration-to-establish-a-di\/\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">1 Jul 2023<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">eCitizen Education 360 (2022) Project &#8211; Bulletin 2: New Insights on Key Factors Impacting Students\u2019 Wellbeing and Schools\u2019 Online Teaching and Calls for Collaboration to Establish a Digital New Normal.<\/p>\n                                    <p class=\"description type-small text-black\">Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019, face-to-face lessons in classrooms have been supplanted by long periods of home-based online lessons in Hong Kong schools. During this challenging period of time, many schools, families, and students have struggled to cope with this New Normal of teaching and learning. Understandably, there are widespread concerns in Hong Kong society that student learning and wellbeing may have been adversely affected. It is therefore imperative to take stock of the impact of the New Normal on students\u2019 learning and wellbeing.<\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Catherine KK Chan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Cheng Yong Tan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Min Lan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianqian Pan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianru Liang\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Sisi Tao\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Wenhui Li\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Yimeng Li\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"bottom d-flex justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                            <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Research report<\/span>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon d-lg-none\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/ecitizen-education-360-2022-project-bulletin-1-cumulative-impact-under-new-normal-insights-for-positive-actions\/\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">1 Mar 2023<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">eCitizen Education 360 (2022) Project &#8211; Bulletin 1: Cumulative Impact Under New Normal Insights for Positive Actions<\/p>\n                                    <p class=\"description type-small text-black\">Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019, face-to-face lessons in classrooms have been supplanted by long periods of home-based online lessons in Hong Kong schools. During this challenging period of time, many schools, families, and students have struggled to cope with this New Normal of teaching and learning. Understandably, there are widespread concerns in Hong Kong society that student learning and wellbeing may have been adversely affected. It is therefore imperative to take stock of the impact of the New Normal on students\u2019 learning and wellbeing.<\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Catherine KK Chan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Cheng Yong Tan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Min Lan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianqian Pan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianru Liang\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Sisi Tao\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Wenhui Li\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Yimeng Li\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"bottom d-flex justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                            <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Research report<\/span>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon d-lg-none\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/hong-kong-students-digital-citizenship-development-2019-2021-findings-from-a-longitudinal-study\/\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">1 May 2022<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">Hong Kong Students\u2019 Digital Citizenship Development 2019-2021: Findings from a Longitudinal Study.<\/p>\n                                    <p class=\"description type-small text-black\">This publication is a report summarising the main longitudinal findings of the Learning and Assessment for Digital Citizenship (e-Citizenship) project, funded by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, under its Theme-based Research Scheme [Project No. T44-707\/16-N]. It was jointly conducted by researchers from the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. The preparation of this report was supervised by the project coordinator, Nancy Law. <\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Frank Reichert\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Jimmy de la Torre\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Lu Laure Chen\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nirmala Rao\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianqian Pan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianru Liang\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Sisi Tao\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"bottom d-flex justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                            <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Research report<\/span>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon d-lg-none\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/empowering-tools-for-teachers-as-learning-designers-learning-design-triangle-learning-design-studio\/\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">1 Aug 2021<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">Empowering Tools for Teachers as Learning Designers: Learning Design Triangle &amp; Learning Design Studio<\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_206)\">\n<path d=\"M12 8.66667V12.6667C12 13.0203 11.8595 13.3594 11.6095 13.6095C11.3594 13.8595 11.0203 14 10.6667 14H3.33333C2.97971 14 2.64057 13.8595 2.39052 13.6095C2.14048 13.3594 2 13.0203 2 12.6667V5.33333C2 4.97971 2.14048 4.64057 2.39052 4.39052C2.64057 4.14048 2.97971 4 3.33333 4H7.33333M14 6V2H10M14 2L6.66667 9.33333\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_206)\">\n<path d=\"M12 8.66667V12.6667C12 13.0203 11.8595 13.3594 11.6095 13.6095C11.3594 13.8595 11.0203 14 10.6667 14H3.33333C2.97971 14 2.64057 13.8595 2.39052 13.6095C2.14048 13.3594 2 13.0203 2 12.6667V5.33333C2 4.97971 2.14048 4.64057 2.39052 4.39052C2.64057 4.14048 2.97971 4 3.33333 4H7.33333M14 6V2H10M14 2L6.66667 9.33333\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"bottom d-flex justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                            <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Invited talk<\/span>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon d-lg-none\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_206)\">\n<path d=\"M12 8.66667V12.6667C12 13.0203 11.8595 13.3594 11.6095 13.6095C11.3594 13.8595 11.0203 14 10.6667 14H3.33333C2.97971 14 2.64057 13.8595 2.39052 13.6095C2.14048 13.3594 2 13.0203 2 12.6667V5.33333C2 4.97971 2.14048 4.64057 2.39052 4.39052C2.64057 4.14048 2.97971 4 3.33333 4H7.33333M14 6V2H10M14 2L6.66667 9.33333\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_206)\">\n<path d=\"M12 8.66667V12.6667C12 13.0203 11.8595 13.3594 11.6095 13.6095C11.3594 13.8595 11.0203 14 10.6667 14H3.33333C2.97971 14 2.64057 13.8595 2.39052 13.6095C2.14048 13.3594 2 13.0203 2 12.6667V5.33333C2 4.97971 2.14048 4.64057 2.39052 4.39052C2.64057 4.14048 2.97971 4 3.33333 4H7.33333M14 6V2H10M14 2L6.66667 9.33333\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/six-ecitizen-education-360-research-bulletins\/\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">22 Jun 2021<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">Six eCitizen Education 360 research bulletins<\/p>\n                                    <p class=\"description type-small text-black\">Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019, face-to-face lessons in classrooms have been supplanted by long periods of home-based online lessons in Hong Kong schools. During this challenging period of time, many schools, families, and students have struggled to cope with this New Normal of teaching and learning. Understandably, there are widespread concerns in Hong Kong society that student learning and wellbeing may have been adversely affected. It is therefore imperative to take stock of the impact of the New Normal on students\u2019 learning and wellbeing.<\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Catherine KK Chan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Cheng Yong Tan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Min Lan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianqian Pan\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Qianru Liang\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Sisi Tao\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Wenhui Li\n                            <\/span>\n                                                                                    <span class=\"divider\">\/<\/span>\n                                                        <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Yimeng Li\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"bottom d-flex justify-content-between\">\n                <div class=\"types d-flex flex-wrap\">\n                                            <span class=\"type type-single-line-tiny-caps\">Research report<\/span>\n                                    <\/div>\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon d-lg-none\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_230)\">\n<path d=\"M3.33331 7.99992H12.6666M7.99998 12.6666L12.6666 7.99992L7.99998 3.33325\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/a>\n<\/div>\n                            <div class=\"component-research-list-row-item col-12\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.digitaleducation.hk\/en\/research\/expanding-science-of-learning-research-to-multilevel-aligned-learning-studying-online-learning-preparedness-of-students-teachers-school-leaders-and-the-community-in-hk-during-covid19\/\"  target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" >\n        <div class=\"header d-flex\">\n                                                        <span class=\"date type-tiny-caps\">26 Jan 2021<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"item-body d-flex align-items-end justify-content-between\">\n            <div class=\"info\">\n                <p class=\"title type-h5 text-black\">Expanding Science of Learning Research to Multilevel Aligned Learning: Studying online learning preparedness of students, teachers, school leaders and the community in HK during COVID19<\/p>\n                                                                        <p class=\"contributors type-single-line-tiny\">\n                                                                                <span class=\"d-inline-block\">\n                                Nancy Wai Ying Law\n                            <\/span>\n                                            <\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"d-none d-lg-block\">\n                <div class=\"component-smart-button-icon ms-auto\">\n    <span class=\"corner\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"corner-icon\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_206)\">\n<path d=\"M12 8.66667V12.6667C12 13.0203 11.8595 13.3594 11.6095 13.6095C11.3594 13.8595 11.0203 14 10.6667 14H3.33333C2.97971 14 2.64057 13.8595 2.39052 13.6095C2.14048 13.3594 2 13.0203 2 12.6667V5.33333C2 4.97971 2.14048 4.64057 2.39052 4.39052C2.64057 4.14048 2.97971 4 3.33333 4H7.33333M14 6V2H10M14 2L6.66667 9.33333\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n\n        <\/span>\n        <span class=\"corner-icon corner-icon-dup\">\n            <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_4132_206)\">\n<path d=\"M12 8.66667V12.6667C12 13.0203 11.8595 13.3594 11.6095 13.6095C11.3594 13.8595 11.0203 14 10.6667 14H3.33333C2.97971 14 2.64057 13.8595 2.39052 13.6095C2.14048 13.3594 2 13.0203 2 12.6667V5.33333C2 4.97971 2.14048 4.64057 2.39052 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